The term “application” refers to the introduction of concepts, methods, and tools from one scientific field within a new discipline, with an operational program that delivers benefits to rural and urban communities. In PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, application involves the use of methods and research results for evaluating and finding solutions to challenges facing land use, natural resource management plans and the environment. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY eventually seeks to promote life and enhance the well-being of communities.For more than three decades, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY has remained a field shrouded in mystery due to the challenges applying its theoretical concepts present. For instance the advantage of dating eroded bedrock surfaces does not seem evident to many in the first place. Despite its early unfavorable reception, natural GEOGRAPHY, has become recently the subject of much academic inquiries in all branches of Earth Sciences. The mutual interaction of humans and the environment in the context of global change has proved to be the primary source of threat to our PHYSICAL environment. (Rougeni, 1991) Recent studies have brought to light the pervasive impact of human intervention on the ecology. Along human’s intervention, a permanent cause of damage is climate variability, particularly during the fourth or quaternary period. (Taylor, 1993) As John Tricart, the renowned geomorphology expert indicates, there is no such thing as applied geomorphology and basic geomorphology (Tricart, 1998), and this also applies to all sciences. By and large, by moving beyond the descriptive tradition, chiefly detached from its natural milieu, GEOGRAPHY has adopted a critical role, striving to address disharmony and imbalance trough effective techniques and breakthrough research.

One of the important methods in designing and making models for PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY teaching is using computer software. Surfer software with two or three dimensional modeling capability, can be used in GEOGRAPHY teaching. The ability of designing and modeling of isomaps is considerable. This feature is used in drawing three-dimensional topographical, iso-anomalous, isogrive, isobar, isotherm, isohyet, isobath and isotrend maps etc. Then cartographical designing by computer can be mentioned. Making the samples and models in modeling is very important. Nowadays we can go beyond the classical models of teaching by using different computer software and increase the motivation of learning among the students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the design and planning integrating PHYSICAL education with GEOGRAPHY on learning possible.Methods: 60 girl students at the early of middle school were selected by cluster sampling from Kermanshah; and they are randomly divided into two experiment and control groups. Then, experiment and control groups received education using integration method and traditional method, respectively. In present research for gathering data, an achievement test consisted the whole parts of cognitive learning of Bolum's categories was used which evaluated the students’ knowledge and their meaningful learning in GEOGRAPHY lessons. For evaluating the interest in GEOGRAPHY, poll forms were used at pre and post educating with integration method in experiment group. Internal reliability determined by Kronbakh Alpha and 5 professors affirmed the content validity. The used statistical methods include two independent t-tests by SPSS software.Results: Our Results showed that the integration of PHYSICAL education with GEOGRAPHY has significant effect on the students’ cognitive learning and meaningful learning of GEOGRAPHY (p<0.05).Conclusions: It could be concluded that experiment group that taught GEOGRAPHY in integration method, were succeeded in compared with control group that taught in traditional method and so they could receive to higher thought levels and meaningful learning.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different PHYSICAL developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various PHYSICAL developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different PHYSICAL developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various PHYSICAL developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which PHYSICAL and non-PHYSICAL characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between PHYSICAL and non-PHYSICAL factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different PHYSICAL development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of PHYSICAL development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized PHYSICAL and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the PHYSICAL and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

Interdisciplinary sciences emerging and specialization were result of historical conditions. Lack of common and grand theories have caused social sciences such as GEOGRAPHY disintegrated to many courses. The GEOGRAPHY science has been divided two main courses, PHYSICAL and Human through the time. Every one used another similar science in theoretical principles and methodologies for their domain development and strengthening of their bases.The Human GEOGRAPHY was influenced by Anthropology during nineteenth century and was affected by nineteenth century and dawn twentieth century by Sociology and from mid twentieth century until present time by Biological sciences, Psychology, Political economics and social theories. Radical GEOGRAPHY was one of the Human GEOGRAPHY branches that was influenced by Political economics and left ideology. Radical GEOGRAPHY emphasizes on investigation about quality of life in different spaces and attempts to change socio-economic and spatial relationships, therefore critical GEOGRAPHY is one of its similar approaches.

Introduction: The final objective of social sciences is to seek objective truth, so scientists are seeking realism in science, and this is a term that one of its meanings implies the "objective" conception of reality. Thus, the most fundamental problem in methodology for scientists is that what is objectivity? How can one integrate objectivity in the process of knowing the facts, realities and coincidence of these matters together? How can one set aside a biased notion? The most important issue of any type of epistemology and science is to create a balance between objectivity and subjectivity in science. If an objective experiment does not lead to subjective and methodical rules and laws, then science and knowledge will not be formed, and if subjective rules and laws cut out from the objective reality, realism will be lost. In the other words, the central axis of the questions of epistemology is the "value of cognition", and this seeks to show that what is the criterion of identifying "facts" from false and contradictory ideas to reality? According to the above, objectivity and validity in various sciences, including GEOGRAPHY, are of fundamental positions, and different geographic schools have taken different positions in this regard, which directly relate to the results of the research. In this paper, we are seeking to find out what are positions of methodology schools in GEOGRAPHY in relation to objectivity and validity of geographic propositions? What are conclusions given to these positions? Which position can have a scientific position in GEOGRAPHY? In this paper, we have tried to emphasize political GEOGRAPHY in various propositions...

The present article is based on a comparative review to examine the geographical area of the south in Visits to Persia by Morier and Towards the Isfahan by Pierre Loti. Relying on this method we check up on the review of the logbooks written by two tourist authors who have visited the south of Iran at the distance of a century. With the application of the comparative review we actually aim at finding the description method used for talking about this geographical area. This method of description which is objective and math like in the mind of Morier becomes poetic and extraordinary in the writings of Pierre Loti. It is here that one can find out how job, mentality and psychological characteristics can affect the insights of a tourist while visiting an area.   French: Analyse descriptive du sud de la Perse à travers Les Voyages en Perse de James Morier et Vers Ispahan de Pierre Loti   Cet article, en s’appuyant sur une analyse descriptive, vise à faire une étude sur l’espace géographique du sud de la Perse à travers Les Voyages en Perse de James Morier et Vers Ispahan de Pierre Loti. Nous allons voir comment Morier et Loti, deux voyageurs qui ont parcouru le sud de la Perse à un siècle d’intervalle, ont décrit l’espace géographique de cette région. L’un portant un regard attentif et minutieux sur la Perse, donne une description énumérative riche en éléments concrets et l’autre en fournit une vision poétique pleine de sentiments et de fantasmes. Dans le présent travail, nous parcourrons avec ces deux auteurs la région en question en constatant la manière dont la mentalité, le tempérament, et la profession peuvent influencer les avis qu’un voyageur formule à partir d’un espace regardé.   Keywords: espace géographique, Morier, Loti, géographie énumérative, géographie physique, géographie humaine, géographie poétique

In this paper I am concerned with structure of the debate over modernism and postmodernism in GEOGRAPHY. Over the last decade human GEOGRAPHY has undergone rapid change as geographers have explored new ways of thinking. I use postmodernism to make sense of the past, present and emergent pattern of social being that exist simultaneously in the space and also changes in our society as a whole, in other words in the mode of productions.